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Colossians 2:16-23 - Hold Fast to the Head

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Christ has just made the dead alive, nailed the hostile record to His Cross, and triumphed over the powers. That victory frees the baptized from religious tribunals built from observance, from rival mediation that claims access through angels or visions, and from self-willed severity that looks wise while it leaves desire unhealed. Christ’s forgiveness and triumph do not create a thinner religious life. They return the Church to the Head, from whom the Body receives nourishment, cohesion, and growth from God.

The whole passage turns on attachment to Christ. The shadow receives its meaning from Him. The Church receives nourishment and growth from Him. Bodily discipline receives its purpose from the life He gives. Paul offers neither religious laxity nor harsher self-management. He calls the baptized into freedom from judgment, communion with Christ and His Body, and ascetical practice whose fruit reveals its source.

Let No One Judge You by Shadows (Colossians 2:16-17)

16 So let no one judge you in food or in drink, or regarding a festival or a new moon or sabbaths, 17 which are a shadow of things to come, but the substance is of Christ.

“So” carries the victory of Colossians 2:13-15 into this command. Because Christ has forgiven, disarmed, and triumphed, another person may not turn food, drink, or sacred days into a court that declares a member of Christ incomplete or unclean. Paul first confronts the verdict: “let no one judge you.” An observance has been distorted when it becomes authority to pronounce on another believer’s standing in Christ.

The “shadow” is not evil or meaningless. A shadow has shape because it corresponds to a reality. Israel’s festivals, new moons, and sabbaths belong to the history through which God prepared His people for fulfillment. Fulfillment gives no permission for contempt toward Israel or Jewish people. The shadow points beyond itself, but it still bears witness to the One who fulfills it.

Language insight: the reality that belongs to Christ

Paul contrasts σκιά (skia), “shadow,” with σῶμα (sōma), literally “body.” The NKJV renders sōma as “substance,” expressing the contrast between anticipation and concrete reality. The Greek can be represented more formally as “the body belongs to Christ,” while “the reality is Christ” gives the interpretive force.1 Here sōma is the fulfilled reality belonging to Christ. In verse 19 the same word will name the Church, and in verse 23 it will refer to the created human body. Those three uses must remain distinct.

Christian fasting and feasting therefore have a clear center. The Church fasts in Christ, training desire toward prayer, repentance, mercy, thanksgiving, and communion. The practice becomes false when it supplies a verdict against another person or becomes proof of superiority while anger and unforgiveness remain undisturbed. Chrysostom notices that Paul’s immediate command forbids judgment rather than simply telling them not to observe. He stresses, “let no man judge you.”2 The Cross frees the Church from judgment by observance so that every practice may serve life in Christ.

Hold Fast to the Head (Colossians 2:18-19)

18 Let no one cheat you of your reward, taking delight in false humility and worship of angels, intruding into those things which he has not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind, 19 and not holding fast to the Head, from whom all the body, nourished and knit together by joints and ligaments, grows with the increase that is from God.

The warning intensifies. The danger is now disqualification through a spirituality that appears humble and impressive. The person speaks of angels and extraordinary things, yet Paul names a fleshly mind swollen with pride. The decisive failure appears in verse 19: he is “not holding fast to the Head.” Their religious claims redirect dependence away from Christ.

Orthodox reverence for the holy angels belongs under Christ’s Headship. The Church honors them as God’s servants, receives their ministry in Scripture, and joins their praise of the Holy Trinity. Worship belongs to God. Paul condemns religious devotion involving angels when it displaces Christ or presents another path of access to divine fullness. True honor never separates a servant of God from the Lord whom that servant worships.

Language insight: disqualification and growth from God

“Cheat you of your reward” translates καταβραβευέτω (katabrabeuetō), a command not to let anyone disqualify the faithful.3 The religious judge claims the power to decide who may receive fullness. Paul answers by directing the Church to the Head from whom fullness is actually received.

The NKJV’s “which he has not seen” follows the Byzantine text, which St John Chrysostom also preached; critical editions such as Nestle 1904 omit “not.”4 Paul’s direct command must control the interpretation: do not surrender Christ’s place to spiritual claims that produce pride and loosen the believer’s hold on Him.

Verse 19 names the positive reality. Christ is the Κεφαλή (Kephalē), the Head, and “all the body” is the Church. The Body is supplied and knit together from Him. Paul repeats the Greek root for growth in the phrase rendered “grows with the increase that is from God,” making the source unmistakable: God gives the growth.3 Christian maturity is neither self-manufactured nor private. Christ nourishes His members and joins them to one another.

Gems from the Fathers 💎: Life and connection from the Head

St John Chrysostom reads the angel teaching as a claim that people must approach God through angels rather than through Christ. He then presses the enduring ecclesial warning: “Why, letting go the Head, dost thou cling to the members?”5 The problem is not that the servants of God are worthless. It is that no member can become the source of the life all receive from Christ.

Angels, saints, clergy, teachers, practices, and traditions serve the Church when they deepen her communion with Christ. They become spiritually destructive when they are made alternate sources of access, nourishment, or growth.

The Church’s Voice in Worship ⛪

On Tout 19, the third day of the Feast of the Cross, the Pauline reading Colossians 2:6-19 ends with the Body’s growth from the Head. The same Liturgy hears the closing appeal of 1 John 5:13-21, “keep yourselves from idols,” and the call to renunciation in Luke 14:25-35.6 The Cross is the true renunciation: we forsake rival masters to follow Christ, not to make severity a new master. The full baptismal and forgiveness thread appears in Colossians 2:6-15, Buried, Raised, and Triumphant in Christ.

The pre-Lenten proper for Preparation Sunday, the Sunday before Great Lent, gives another searching companion to Paul’s teaching: Matthew 6:1-18, the Liturgy Gospel. Christ teaches almsgiving, prayer, and fasting before the Father rather than before an audience.7 The Church approaches the fast by hearing the Lord expose the hunger to be seen fasting. Paul’s “appearance of wisdom” meets the same temptation: to seek a religious reputation while the heart remains hungry for praise. The crucified Lord liberates His people so that they may continue in Him, remain joined to His Body, and receive growth from God.

Died with Christ to Human Decrees (Colossians 2:20-22)

20 Therefore, if you died with Christ from the basic principles of the world, why, as though living in the world, do you subject yourselves to regulations— 21 “Do not touch, do not taste, do not handle,” 22 which all concern things which perish with the using— according to the commandments and doctrines of men?

Paul returns to the baptismal reality of Colossians 2:12. The faithful were buried and raised with Christ; here he stresses that they died with Him. That death changes jurisdiction. The old order no longer has the right to govern the baptized through decrees that make contact with perishing things the measure of holiness.

The “basic principles of the world” are its stoicheia, its elementary principles or powers.8 Death with Christ breaks the authority of every order that pretends to mediate holiness apart from Him.

“Do not touch, do not taste, do not handle” sounds rigorous because it is concrete and countable. Yet the objects perish with use, and the decrees are human. Paul is not condemning every common fast, canon, pastoral direction, or act of obedience. Received Orthodox discipline expresses baptismal life and trains the whole person toward prayer, chastity, mercy, thanksgiving, and love. The practices Paul exposes claim spiritual authority from their severity and make compliance a measure of fullness.

The Didache, an early Christian teaching of the apostolic way of life, directs believers to “fast on the fourth day and the Preparation (Friday).”9 The Coptic Church’s Wednesday and Friday fasts belong to this received rhythm.10 A common fast need not be self-imposed religion: it can free us from choosing only the disciplines we find congenial. Yet receiving a fast also means receiving its purpose. A fast kept to despise a neighbor has betrayed the gift it was meant to serve.

Paul’s “commandments and doctrines of men” echoes Isaiah 29:13 in the Greek Old Testament. Brenton gives the phrase “teaching the commandments and doctrines of men.”11 Isaiah’s charge is a heart far from God beneath lips that honor Him. The Lord quotes this prophecy when ritual handwashing has become a charge against His disciples (Mark 7:1-8).12 Paul’s warning, too, reaches beyond the menu to the heart: a religious rule can fill the mouth with claims of obedience while leaving love untouched.

Colossians 2:20 and Colossians 3:1-4, Hidden with Christ in God form one seam: the baptized have died with Christ to the world’s Christ-displacing decrees, and because they have been raised with Christ they receive the ascetical life of the risen Lord. Paul’s rejection of self-willed severity does not end in release from rules as a final goal. It culminates in received life: seeking what is above, putting the passions to death, and clothing the whole person in mercy, forgiveness, and love.

An Appearance of Wisdom That Cannot Heal Desire (Colossians 2:23)

23 These things indeed have an appearance of wisdom in self-imposed religion, false humility, and neglect of the body, but are of no value against the indulgence of the flesh.

Paul grants the system its outward appeal: it has “an appearance of wisdom.” Severity is visible and easy to count. A harsher rule may be mistaken for deeper holiness. Paul tests the practice by its power to heal desire, and it fails: the flesh remains unrestrained beneath the display.

“The body” and “the flesh” are not synonyms in this verse. In “neglect of the body,” sōma is the created human body subjected to harsh treatment. “The flesh” names human life turned from God and ruled by disordered desire. A person can punish the body while feeding pride, vainglory, anger, or contempt. Physical severity by itself cannot create purity of heart.

Language insight: self-willed religion and bodily severity

The rare word ἐθελοθρησκία (ethelothrēskia) describes self-imposed or self-willed religion. Paul joins it to ἀφειδία σώματος (apheidia sōmatos), unsparing or harsh treatment of the body.13 Severity is not the same as strength. A rule can make the body hungry without teaching the heart to hunger for God.

Across the passage, sōma has now served three distinct claims. In verse 17 it is the fulfilled reality belonging to Christ. In verse 19 it is the Church receiving nourishment from Christ the Head. In verse 23 it is the created human body. Paul places all three under Christ: fulfillment is His, the Church lives from Him, and bodily discipline must serve the life He gives.

This verse offers no sanction for body-hatred, eating-disorder pressure, self-harm, humiliation, or coercive deprivation. The body is God’s creation, assumed by the Son, claimed in baptism, trained for loving obedience, and destined for resurrection.

Gems from the Fathers 💎: Show without power

Chrysostom contrasts religious appearance with spiritual power, then rejects contempt for embodiment: “God hath honored the flesh.”14 The two points belong together. A practice may look severe and remain powerless, while Christ’s healing honors the whole person and keeps the Church joined to its Head.

The proper test is ascetical fruit. Discipline rooted in Christ should make confession more honest, prayer more attentive, anger less commanding, mercy more costly, and love more concrete. When severity produces superiority, secrecy, irritability, injury, or contempt, its apparent wisdom has failed Paul’s test. The needed correction is attachment to Christ, the Church’s received wisdom, and the growth that comes from God.

Spiritual Fruit 🍇

Release the need to grade another person’s observance. Judgment by food, drink, or sacred days often hides a desire to secure one’s own standing by placing someone else below it. Before speaking about another person’s fast, attendance, or discipline, confess the verdict forming in your heart. Keep the practice Christ has given you, and turn its energy toward a hidden act of mercy or reconciliation.

Refuse any spirituality that weakens attachment to Christ the Head. A religious claim may be ancient-sounding, mystical, or demanding and still draw attention away from Christ. Test it by verse 19: Does it join the Church more deeply to the Head, nourish communion, and produce growth from God? When a claim cannot pass that test, return to Scripture, shared worship, sacramental life, and accountable pastoral counsel.

Let the Cross answer both accusation and judgment. Christ’s victory means you need not accept an invented standard as a new hostile record, and you may not use such a standard against another person. When scrupulosity says that Christ has left you incomplete, name the actual command or sin before God rather than obeying a vague accusation. Repent where the Gospel exposes sin; reject the sentence that adds a human condition to Christ’s fullness.

Examine the fruit of bodily discipline without despising the body. Choose one fast, exercise, restraint, or prayer rule you already keep. Ask what it produces in patience at home, honesty in confession, attention in prayer, and mercy toward the weak. If the fruit is superiority, compulsion, injury, or shame, do not answer by secretly increasing the severity. Bring the practice into the light, receive wise guidance, and reshape it toward freedom and love.

Hold fast with the Body when private certainty feels easier. Christ supplies and joins His Church; growth comes from God through communion, not through solitary spiritual achievement. Take one concrete step back toward the Body this week: reconcile with someone you judged, ask for prayer, receive counsel, attend the Liturgy with attention, or serve in a way that strengthens another member rather than displaying yourself.

Lord Jesus Christ, keep me joined to You, my Head and my life. Free me from judging my neighbor and from the pride that hides inside severity. Teach me to fast with mercy, pray without display, and receive the growth that comes from You. Amen.

Footnotes

  1. Colossians 2:17 interlinear. ↩

  2. St John Chrysostom, Homily VII on Colossians, on 2:16-17, NPNF1, volume 13. ↩

  3. Colossians 2:18-19 interlinear. ↩ ↩2

  4. Colossians 2:18, Nestle 1904; RP Byzantine Majority Text 2005; Scrivener’s Textus Receptus 1894. St John Chrysostom, Homily VII on Colossians, on 2:18, NPNF1, volume 13. ↩

  5. St John Chrysostom, Homily VII on Colossians, on 2:18-19, NPNF1, volume 13. ↩

  6. Coptic Katameros, Tout 19, third day of the Feast of the Cross, September 29, 2026, Liturgy, Pauline Epistle, Colossians 2:6-19; Catholic Epistle, 1 John 5:13-21; Gospel, Luke 14:25-35. ↩

  7. Coptic Katameros, Preparation Sunday, March 7, 2027, Liturgy Gospel, Matthew 6:1-18. ↩

  8. Colossians 2:20 interlinear; στοιχεῖον. ↩

  9. Didache, 8.1, Concerning Fasting and Prayer. ↩

  10. Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States, Fasting: A Penitent Practice, Wednesdays and Fridays. ↩

  11. Isaiah 29:13, Brenton, and Greek Septuagint. ↩

  12. Mark 7:1-8, NKJV. ↩

  13. Colossians 2:23 interlinear. ↩

  14. St John Chrysostom, Homily VII on Colossians, on 2:23, NPNF1, volume 13. ↩

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